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The Earth has an elliptical orbit around the sun. It is not the distance of the Earth from the sun that causes the different seasons, but rather the way the Earth is tilted on its axis in relation to the way the rays of the sun hit us.
Earth's path around the Sun is not circular, nor is the Sun situated at the center of this path. Instead, Earth's orbit is elliptical, with the Sun closer to one end of the orbital path than the other. This means that Earth’s distance from the Sun varies throughout the year.
It is a common misconception that seasons occur because of Earth's elliptical orbit around the Sun, with winter occurring when Earth is farthest away from the Sun, and summer when it is closest to it.
However, our planet's distance from the Sun has little effect on the onset of seasons. In fact, Earth is closest to the Sun, or at its Perihelion, around the Northern Hemisphere's winter solstice, while it is farthest away from the Sun, or at its Aphelion, around the north's summer solsticeA brief explanation for the misconception that in the northern hemisphere, we have summer heat because we are closer to the sun.
While the variation of Earth’s distance from the Sun isn’t very large, our planet receives more solar energy when it is closest to the Sun during Southern Hemisphere's summer. However, because there are relatively few landmasses south of the equator and oceans take more time to heat up, the temperature difference between the northern and southern summers is very small.
A little more information.
A video to watch to help explain.
Have you ever wondered how we can see through glass if it is a solid object? You may have heard some people - even some science textbooks - try to explain this by saying that wood is a true solid and that glass is a highly viscous liquid. They then go on to argue that the atoms in glass are spread farther apart and that these gaps let light squeeze through. But really, what is glass? In reality, glass isn't a liquid at all. It's a special kind of solid known as an amorphous solid. This is a state of matter in which the atoms and molecules are locked into place, but instead of forming neat, orderly crystals, they arrange themselves randomly. As a result, glasses are mechanically rigid like solids, yet have the disordered arrangement of molecules like liquids. Amorphous solids form when a solid substance is melted at high temperatures and then cooled rapidly - a process known as quenching. What happens when light hits glass? Light is made up of particles called photons. When they hit 'stuff', three things occur - reflection, absorption, and transmission.
When light hits glass, only about 4% of the photons will be reflected.
Some of the photons that are not reflected will be absorbed. That means the photons will interact with the atoms and molecules of the material that is impacted. Its energy will serve to heat up the material.
Most of the photons are transmitted. That is, if the atoms and molecules of the material do not have such "energy transitions" that match the energy of the photon, then the photon will be absorbed and then re-emitted by the atoms/molecules.
The important difference between glass and opaque materials like wood is that glass happens to have energy transitions that match the energy of visible photons. So photons are absorbed, and then re-emitted by each of the atoms it hits. So essentially most of the light that falls on glass is simply re-emitted and it is this unique property that makes glass transparent. However, glass does absorb UV photons, which is why you can't get a suntan through glass.
This information came from the website: Everyday Chemistry - Why can we see through glass?
humantouchofchemistry.com/why-can-we-see-through-glass.htm
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